Materials

Related guides

• Choosing an EN 10204 inspection document

  Compare 2.1, 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 documents and specify the evidence needed for a material delivery.

• 1050 aluminum

  1050 versus 1050A identity, temper and product-form property limits, and fabrication considerations for commercially pure aluminum.

• 1100 aluminum

  Composition, temper, product-form and thickness boundaries for selecting, forming, joining, and specifying commercially pure 1100 aluminum.

• 2011 aluminum

  Temper- and product-specific reference for free-machining 2011 aluminum, composition, property data and processing limits.

• 2014 aluminum

  2014 versus 2014A identity, temper and product-form properties, and machining, joining and corrosion limits.

• 2024 aluminum

  Composition, bare versus clad stock, temper and product-form property limits, forming, corrosion, fatigue, and joining boundaries for 2024 aluminum.

• 2024-T3 aluminum

  Specifying and processing 2024-T3 sheet with explicit bare/clad, thickness, test and final-condition boundaries.

• 2024-T351 aluminum

  Product-specific reference for stretched 2024 aluminum, bare/clad distinctions, property selection and machining limits.

• 3003 aluminum

  3003 alloy identity, temper- and product-dependent properties, forming, joining and corrosion limits.

• 3003-H14 aluminum

  The H14 work-hardened condition, thickness-specific property limits, forming, welding/HAZ softening, and corrosion boundaries for wrought 3003 aluminum.

• 3105 aluminum

  Alloy identity, temper and thickness limits, coated-sheet systems, forming and service boundaries for 3105 aluminum.

• 5005 aluminum

  Temper- and finish-specific reference for 5005 aluminum sheet, property limits, forming and anodising quality.

• 5052 aluminum

  5052 temper and product-form properties, sheet-forming and welding limits, and the boundaries of marine application claims.

• 5052-H32 aluminum

  H32 stabilization, thickness- and form-specific properties, forming, joining/HAZ softening, and corrosion boundaries for wrought 5052 aluminum.

• 5083 aluminum

  5083 alloy, product-form and temper distinctions, marine corrosion-test scope, and forming and welded-service limitations.

• 5083-H111 aluminum

  H111 condition, thickness-specific properties, forming, welding, and corrosion/temperature qualification boundaries for wrought 5083 aluminum.

• 5083-H116 aluminum

  Product-specific reference for marine 5083-H116, corrosion-test acceptance, property scope and fabrication limits.

• 5086 aluminum

  5086 alloy identity, temper and product-form distinctions, marine testing, forming and welding boundaries.

• 5754 aluminum

  Temper- and product-specific reference for 5754 sheet, forming, automotive product data and service limits.

• 6060 aluminum

  6060 extrusion identity, temper and wall-thickness property limits, finish selection and fabricated-service considerations.

• 6061 aluminum

  Temper, product-form, thickness, processing, and service boundaries for selecting and specifying heat-treatable wrought 6061 aluminum.

• 6061-T6 aluminum

  6061 alloy in the T6 condition, with product-specific strength data, stress-relieved variants, and fabrication limits.

• 6061-T651 aluminum

  Stress-relieved 6061-T651 stock: temper meaning, scoped properties, machining flatness and fabrication boundaries.

• 6063 aluminum

  6063 extrusion temper, thickness and specification limits, with boundaries for architectural finishes, joining and service performance.

• 6063-T5 aluminum

  6063 in the T5 condition, with extrusion-specific strength limits, temper distinctions, joining effects, and cosmetic anodizing limitations.

• 6082 aluminum

  Temper, profile/plate distinctions, thickness-specific properties, processing, and service-qualification boundaries for wrought 6082 aluminum.

• 6082-T6 aluminum

  Product-specific reference for 6082-T6 chemistry, extrusion versus sheet properties, machining and joining limits.

• 7050 aluminum

  7050 plate, forging and temper distinctions, directional properties, corrosion protection and fabrication limits.

• 7075 aluminum

  Selecting 7075 aluminum by product form, temper, strength basis, corrosion exposure and manufacturing route.

• 7075-T6 aluminum

  7075-T6 alloy and temper identity, form-dependent property evidence, stress corrosion and fabrication limits.

• 7075-T651 aluminum

  Product-specific reference for stretched 7075 plate, typical strength, corrosion tradeoffs and fabrication limits.

• 7075-T7351 aluminum

  7075-T7351 plate identity, thickness-dependent properties, corrosion-test boundaries and fabrication limits.

• A356 casting alloy

  A356 casting versus remelt-ingot designations, scoped chemistry and properties, and foundry/finished-part acceptance.

• A380 casting alloy

  Identity, process and qualification boundaries for A380 aluminium die castings, chemistry, porosity and finishing.

• Alumina ceramic

  Grade-specific alumina properties, processing and joining constraints, and mechanical, thermal and electrical service limits.

• Borosilicate glass

  Selecting borosilicate glass by named grade, supplied form, thermal conditions, surface quality and component qualification.

• Carbon fiber epoxy laminate

  Specify carbon/epoxy by reinforcement, resin, layup and process; interpret directional properties, environmental tests and finished-part acceptance.

• Cemented tungsten carbide

  WC-based hardmetal grade identity, binder and grain-size effects, property-test limits and processing/service selection.

• FR-4 glass-epoxy laminate

  Specifying FR-4 industrial sheet and PCB materials by named grade, construction, test conditions and processing requirements.

• Fused silica

  Specify fused silica by glass code, optical grade and finished-part requirements; interpret transmission, thermal data and contamination limits in context.

• G10 glass-epoxy laminate

  Selecting and specifying woven-glass epoxy laminate by grade, stock form, test direction and service conditions.

• Glass-fiber polyester laminate

  Specifying polyester-glass composites by resin, reinforcement, manufacturing route, cure and conditioned property evidence.

• Graphite

  Select graphite by named grade, forming route, porosity, impregnation and test basis; distinguish thermal, electrical and finished-part requirements.

• MACOR glass ceramic

  Specify Corning MACOR by finished-part requirements; interpret temperature, mechanical and electrical data with their test conditions and qualify machining and joints.

• Silicon carbide ceramic

  Selecting SiC ceramics by manufacturing route, residual phases, named grade, test conditions and component requirements.

• Silicon nitride ceramic

  Specify silicon nitride by grade, forming and densification route; interpret specimen properties and qualify the finished component for its loads, environment and interfaces.

• Zirconia ceramic

  Selecting zirconia by stabilizer, phase structure, manufacturing route, property-test basis and environmental exposure.

• UNS C10100 copper

  Specify oxygen-free electronic copper by product standard, form and temper; interpret purity, conductivity and processing data without transferring supplier values across conditions.

• UNS C11000 copper

  Specify electrolytic tough-pitch copper by product form, temper, conductivity and oxygen-sensitive processing requirements.

• UNS C12200 copper

  Specifying phosphorus-deoxidized C12200 by product form, temper, conductivity basis, joining route and service requirements.

• UNS C14500 copper

  Specify tellurium copper by product standard, form and temper; interpret machining ratings, conductivity and joining guidance without transferring them to finished-part guarantees.

• UNS C17200 copper alloy

  Select copper-beryllium by product form, temper, aging route and conductivity, with process-specific beryllium exposure controls.

• UNS C26000 brass

  Selecting cartridge brass by supplier chemistry, product form, temper, forming direction and corrosion exposure.

• UNS C28000 brass

  Specify Muntz metal by chemistry, product standard and condition; distinguish CuZn40 supplier examples from UNS compliance and qualify forming, joining and corrosion service.

• UNS C36000 brass

  Specify free-cutting leaded brass by product form, temper and acceptance limits; distinguish machining performance from corrosion and compliance suitability.

• UNS C46400 brass

  Specifying uninhibited naval brass by chemistry, product form, temper, test basis and marine exposure requirements.

• UNS C51000 bronze

  Specify 5% tin phosphor bronze by form and temper; interpret spring, fatigue, conductivity and fabrication data with their stated conditions.

• UNS C63000 bronze

  Specify wrought nickel-aluminum bronze by product standard, size and temper; qualify heat treatment, bearing duty and corrosion exposure separately.

• UNS C93200 bronze

  Selecting leaded tin bearing bronze by casting route, property basis, lubrication system and finished-component requirements.

• UNS C95400 bronze

  Specify cast aluminum bronze by casting standard, delivered condition and acceptance tests; distinguish C95400 and heat-treated product data from finished bearing or structural capability.

• Choosing a material: grade, temper and product form

  Turn a material name into a usable purchasing and manufacturing specification, with stainless and aluminum examples.

• ABS

  Select acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene by resin grade, manufacturing route and exposure; distinguish test properties from finished-part limits.

• Acetal copolymer

  Selecting POM-C by named grade, supplied form, property-test conditions, machining route and service exposure.

• Acetal homopolymer

  Specify POM-H by grade and manufactured form; interpret short-term properties, creep, thermal expansion and chemical compatibility without transferring resin data to finished-part guarantees.

• EPDM elastomer

  Select EPDM by finished compound, cure, fluid exposure and sealing duty; keep test data and temperature recommendations within their source scope.

• FKM elastomer

  Specifying fluoroelastomer seals by polymer family, compound, cure, fluid exposure and qualified assembly performance.

• HDPE

  Specify high-density polyethylene by grade, manufactured form and service requirements; distinguish short-term specimen data from creep, chemical compatibility and qualified pressure-pipe capability.

• LDPE

  Select low-density polyethylene by resin grade, additives and manufacturing route; preserve film gauge, orientation and test conditions.

• NBR elastomer

  Selecting nitrile rubber by polymer grade, compound, cure, fluid exposure and seal-test conditions.

• PA12 nylon

  Select polyamide 12 by grade and manufacturing route; interpret orientation, moisture, thermal tests and processing evidence for the actual component.

• PA6 nylon

  Specify polyamide 6 by grade, manufactured form and moisture state; interpret dry/conditioned properties, dimensional changes and long-term service requirements.

• PA66 nylon

  Selecting PA66 by grade, supplied form, moisture condition and service environment.

• PBT

  Grade and form selection for polybutylene terephthalate, including reinforcement, moisture control, dimensional behavior and service qualification.

• PEEK

  Specify polyetheretherketone by grade and manufactured form; interpret specimen properties, thermal limits, wear tests and application approvals within their stated scope.

• PEI

  Polyetherimide selection by grade, supplied form, thermal rating and manufacturing history.

• PET

  Specify polyethylene terephthalate by grade, crystallinity and manufactured form; interpret engineering stock-shape data, thermal limits and wet-service compatibility in context.

• PETG

  Selecting and qualifying PETG sheet and printed parts using grade-specific forming, moisture, mechanical and exposure data.

• PMMA acrylic

  Selecting acrylic by grade, casting or extrusion route, optical requirements and fabrication history.

• Polycarbonate

  Specify PC by grade, form and surface treatment; interpret impact, optical, thermal and chemical data within their test and application limits.

• Polypropylene

  Selecting polypropylene by polymer family, compound, supplied form and process, with bounded mechanical, thermal and fabrication examples.

• Polyurethane elastomer

  Selecting cast polyurethane and TPU by compound, cure history, deformation and exposure requirements.

• PPS

  Specify polyphenylene sulfide by grade, reinforcement and manufactured form; interpret specimen data, thermal aging, machining and chemical-service limits in context.

• PTFE

  Selecting polytetrafluoroethylene by resin form, modification and filler, with bounded stock properties, creep, wear and chemical-service limits.

• PVDF

  Polyvinylidene fluoride selection by resin grade, supplied form, exposure and fabrication process.

• Rigid PVC

  Specify rigid polyvinyl chloride by compound, manufactured form and system requirements; distinguish stock-shape data, softening tests and qualified piping/joining limits.

• Silicone elastomer

  Selecting silicone rubber by compound, cure chemistry and supplied form, with bounded molding, sheet, sealing and conditioning examples.

• TPU

  Thermoplastic polyurethane selection by chemistry, grade, processing route and test conditions.

• UHMWPE

  Selecting ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene stock shapes for wear parts, with grade-specific mechanical, thermal and fabrication limits.

• MIC-6 cast aluminum tooling plate

  Producer-associated MIC6 plate identity, published stock tolerances and typical properties, with limits for machining, finishing and fixture qualification.

• Outokumpu Core 304/4301

  Producer-specific identification, form-dependent properties and fabrication limits for Core 304/4301.

• Outokumpu Supra 316L/4404

  Producer-specific selection of low-carbon CrNiMo stainless steel, with product-form strength data, corrosion boundaries and fabrication requirements.

• SSAB Domex Tube 355J2H

  Product-specific selection of SSAB's cold-formed structural hollow sections, including thickness-dependent strength, impact-test scope and fabrication boundaries.

• SSAB Domex Tube 460MH

  Product-specific selection of cold-formed structural hollow sections, including test conditions, section availability and fabrication/design boundaries.

• SSAB Domex Tube 500MH

  Selecting and fabricating the SSAB hollow-section product with its mechanical-test and design-scope limits intact.

• SSAB Hardox 400

  Selecting SSAB's wear steel by product form, hardness-test scope and fabrication requirements, including the thin-sheet exception.

• SSAB Hardox 450

  Selecting Hardox 450 by supplied form and thickness, with thin-sheet acceptance, hardness limits and qualified fabrication requirements.

• SSAB Hardox 500 Tuf

  Product-specific hardness, toughness and fabrication boundaries for Hardox 500 Tuf sheet and plate, including bending and welding examples.

• SSAB Hardox 500

  Thickness-dependent hardness, typical properties and fabrication limits for the SSAB wear-steel product.

• SSAB Strenx 700 E

  Specifying quenched-and-tempered structural plate with thickness-dependent strength, transverse toughness and qualified bending/welding requirements.

• SSAB Strenx 700MC

  Selecting Strenx 700MC D/E sheet with thickness-dependent strength exceptions, toughness variants and qualified bending and welding requirements.

• SSAB Strenx Tube 700MLH

  Product identity, mechanical-property conditions and fabrication limits for SSAB's thermomechanically rolled high-strength structural hollow sections.

• SSAB Strenx Tube 900MH

  Product identity, test requirements and fabrication boundaries for the high-strength SSAB hollow section.

• SSAB Strenx Tube 960MH

  Product-specific mechanical tests, section availability, welding-temperature controls and galvanizing limits for the cold-formed structural tube.

• Alloy 400

  Specifying UNS N04400 nickel-copper alloy by product form and condition, with producer-specific properties and corrosion-service limits.

• Alloy 600

  Designation, condition-dependent properties and service qualification for nickel-chromium-iron Alloy 600, UNS N06600.

• Alloy 625

  Nickel-alloy 625 selection by designation, product form, heat treatment and exposure conditions.

• Alloy 718

  Specifying UNS N07718 by producer, form and heat-treatment condition, with bounded wrought-property and additive-manufacturing examples.

• Alloy C-276

  Specifying UNS N10276 by producer, form and condition, with bounded mechanical data, corrosion-test examples and fabrication requirements.

• AZ31B magnesium

  Form- and temper-specific selection of AZ31B magnesium, with rolled-product examples, forming, joining, surface protection and machining controls.

• AZ91D magnesium

  Selecting AZ91D by casting route, condition, test basis, corrosion protection and machining controls.

• Ductile cast iron

  Selecting nodular iron by grade, matrix, casting route and test basis, with bounded continuous-cast bar examples and finished-casting acceptance requirements.

• Grade 2 titanium

  Commercially pure Grade 2 titanium: designation, product-specific strength, corrosion screening and fabrication qualification.

• Grade 23 titanium

  Ti-6Al-4V ELI selection by product specification, form, metallurgical condition and finished-part requirements.

• Grade 5 titanium

  Selecting Ti-6Al-4V by product form, condition and manufacturing route, with bounded properties and fabrication guidance.

• Gray cast iron

  Selecting flake-graphite iron by casting grade, section and test basis, with bounded continuous-cast bar properties and machining-stock guidance.

• Molybdenum

  Pure molybdenum mill products: grade and condition, atmosphere-dependent service, physical-property estimates and fabrication limits.

• Nickel 200

  Commercially pure wrought nickel: designation, condition-dependent properties, caustic-service boundaries and fabrication controls.

• Tungsten

  Selecting pure tungsten by product, condition and atmosphere, with distinctions from heavy alloys and carbide and bounded fabrication evidence.

• Zamak 3

  Specifying zinc Alloy 3 by ingot/casting requirements, with bounded typical properties, aging and creep considerations and finished-part acceptance.

• Zamak 5

  Zinc-aluminum-copper-magnesium die-casting alloy: chemistry basis, test-bar properties, aging, creep and finished-part qualification.

• 15-5 PH stainless steel

  UNS S15500 precipitation-hardening stainless: product forms, aging conditions, property evidence and fabrication limits.

• 17-4 PH stainless steel

  Selecting UNS S17400 by product form and heat-treated condition, with bounded properties, corrosion considerations and fabrication controls.

• Duplex 2205 stainless steel

  Specifying 2205 by UNS designation, product form and condition, with bounded tube properties, corrosion comparison and welding controls.

• Super duplex 2507 stainless steel

  S32750/1.4410 super-duplex stainless steel: product-form properties, corrosion-test interpretation and fabrication qualification.

• Type 301 stainless steel

  UNS S30100 austenitic stainless: cold-worked tempers, property interpretation, forming and thermal-history limits.

• Type 303 stainless steel

  Selecting sulfur-modified UNS S30300 by product form and condition, with bounded properties, corrosion tradeoffs and welding limitations.

• Type 304 stainless steel

  Type 304 identity, product forms and conditions, related carbon variants, and the limits of corrosion, magnetic and welding claims.

• Type 304L stainless steel

  Specifying low-carbon UNS S30403 by product form and condition, with bounded flat-product properties and tube-specific corrosion and welding guidance.

• Type 309 stainless steel

  309-series austenitic heat-resistant stainless steel: exact grade selection, product properties and atmosphere-, time- and fabrication-dependent limits.

• Type 310 stainless steel

  High-chromium, high-nickel austenitic stainless: 310/310S/310H identity, heat-service boundaries and qualification.

• Type 316 stainless steel

  Selecting UNS S31600 by product form, condition and exposure, with distinctions from 316L and bounded property and corrosion evidence.

• Type 316L stainless steel

  Specifying low-carbon UNS S31603 by product form and condition, with bounded plate values, corrosion distinctions and product-specific welding guidance.

• Type 321 stainless steel

  Titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel: 321/321H identity, product properties, thermal exposure and fabrication qualification.

• Type 347 stainless steel

  Niobium-stabilized UNS S34700: grade distinctions, product-specific properties, thermal history and corrosion limits.

• Type 409 stainless steel

  Selecting ferritic 409 by exact UNS variant, stabilization, product form and exposure, with bounded properties and fabrication guidance.

• Type 410 stainless steel

  Selecting hardenable UNS S41000 by form and thermal condition, with bounded sheet-test values, corrosion guidance and welding controls.

• Type 416 stainless steel

  Free-machining martensitic stainless steel: sulfur, supplied condition, heat-treatment-dependent properties and corrosion/fabrication tradeoffs.

• Type 420 stainless steel

  Hardenable martensitic UNS S42000: carbon variants, heat-treated properties, surface condition and fabrication limits.

• Type 430 stainless steel

  Unstabilized ferritic UNS S43000: product-specific properties, surface and forming choices, and weld/service limitations.

• Type 440C stainless steel

  High-carbon martensitic stainless steel: condition-specific hardness, bearing-quality procurement, processing and corrosion limits.

• A2 tool steel

  Air-hardening cold-work tool steel: grade identity, producer conditions, hardness and dimensional tradeoffs, and fabrication qualification.

• ASTM A36 structural steel

  Carbon structural shapes, plate and bars: specification scope, bounded plate properties, fabrication and certification.

• ASTM A500 Grade C tubing

  Cold-formed structural tubing: edition-specific strength, nominal versus design wall thickness, procurement and fabrication boundaries.

• ASTM A514 plate

  Quenched-and-tempered structural alloy plate: grade and thickness requirements, producer-specific fabrication guidance and inspection boundaries.

• ASTM A572 Grade 50 steel

  High-strength low-alloy structural steel: Grade 50 plate examples, thickness and certification boundaries, fabrication and selection.

• D2 tool steel

  Air-hardening cold-work tool steel: abrasive-wear selection, condition-specific properties, heat treatment and finishing controls.

• EN DC01 sheet steel

  Cold-rolled forming sheet: thickness-dependent mechanical limits, surface and ageing requirements, and procurement boundaries.

• EN DX51D coated steel

  Cold-forming coated flat steel: DX51D base grade, metallic-coating designation, mass/test basis, surface condition and standard-edition control.

• EN S235JR steel

  Non-alloy structural steel: thickness-dependent strength, JR impact designation, product declarations and delivery boundaries.

• EN S275JR steel

  Non-alloy structural steel: thickness-dependent strength, JR impact-test scope, delivery conditions and procurement boundaries.

• EN S355JR steel

  Non-alloy structural steel: product-specific strength, JR impact qualifications, delivery condition and fabrication boundaries.

• H13 tool steel

  Chromium-molybdenum-vanadium hot-work steel: product quality, heat-treatment evidence, tooling selection and repair limits.

• M2 high-speed steel

  Molybdenum-tungsten high-speed tool steel: product identity, supplied condition, heat-treatment evidence and cutting-tool qualification.

• O1 tool steel

  Oil-hardening cold-work tool steel: product identity, condition-dependent properties, heat treatment and dimensional control.

• P20 mold steel

  Prehardened mold-steel selection: P20 versus producer modifications, supplied hardness, section effects and finishing requirements.

• S7 tool steel

  Shock-resisting tool steel: product identification, heat-treatment response, dimensional allowances and tooling selection limits.

• SAE 1008 steel

  Low-carbon steel chemistry designation: product-form differences, supplier chemistry windows, strip tempers and qualification.

• SAE 1010 steel

  Low-carbon steel chemistry designation: supplier analysis limits, product route, strip tempers and qualification requirements.

• SAE 1018 steel

  Low-carbon steel chemistry versus product condition: hot-rolled and cold-finished bar, estimated properties, carburizing and procurement limits.

• SAE 1020 steel

  Low-carbon steel identification, product-specific chemistry, hot-rolled versus cold-finished properties, and fabrication and purchasing limits.

• SAE 1045 steel

  Medium-carbon engineering steel: chemistry identity, condition-specific bar properties, hardenability and surface-treatment limits.

• SAE 1144 steel

  Resulfurized medium-carbon bar steel: chemistry, cold drawing and stress relief, A311 requirements and named-product boundaries.

• SAE 1215 steel

  Free-machining carbon steel: chemistry, bar condition, size-dependent properties and the limits of machining-led material selection.

• SAE 12L14 steel

  Leaded free-machining carbon steel: chemistry, cold-finished bar properties, joining limitations and process handling.

• SAE 4130 steel

  Chromium-molybdenum alloy steel: chemistry, product and supply-condition distinctions, bounded sheet data and fabrication qualification.

• SAE 4140 steel

  Chromium-molybdenum alloy steel: chemistry versus condition, section-dependent properties, hardenability requirements and fabrication limits.

• SAE 4340 steel

  Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy steel: chemistry, product quality, section-dependent heat treatment and the limits of strength and hardenability data.

• SAE 8620 steel

  Nickel-chromium-molybdenum case-hardening steel: chemistry, supplied condition, case/core requirements and procurement limits.

• Angle sections

  L-shaped stock: dimensional conventions, rolled versus formed products, section properties, connections and procurement limits.

• Casting ingots

  Cast metal stock for remelting or further working: alloy identity, piece and bundle dimensions, quality evidence, charge planning and handling boundaries.

• Channel sections

  Channel stock geometry, designation families, dimensional standards and the limits of section-property comparisons.

• Coil stock

  Coiled flat-product identity, strip versus coil dimensions, line compatibility, flatness and storage requirements.

• Drawn-over-mandrel tubing

  DOM mechanical tubing: welded origin, cold-drawing process, grade and delivery-condition choices, dimensional ordering and application limits.

• Expanded metal

  Slit-and-stretched sheet: raised and flattened forms, pitch versus aperture, orientation, ordering dimensions and bounded load-data interpretation.

• Flat bar stock

  Rectangular metal stock: manufacturing routes, dimensional conventions, edge condition and procurement boundaries.

• Forging billets

  Forging input stock: manufacturing route, billet geometry, surface quality, volume planning and qualification boundaries.

• Hexagonal bar stock

  Across-flats geometry, supplied condition, tolerances and machining considerations for hexagonal metal bar.

• I-beam sections

  Rolled I/H profiles: section families, nominal names versus actual geometry, axes and property units, and the boundary between stock data and structural design.

• Metal mesh

  Woven, welded and expanded mesh: opening geometry, material identity, edge condition and application limits.

• Perforated sheet

  Sheet with patterned holes: material identity, pitch and openings, solid margins, burr direction and application-specific acceptance.

• Pipe schedules

  How nominal pipe size and schedule identify dimensions, with limits on pressure-rating and substitution claims.

• Plate stock

  Flat metal stock: product route, thickness and flatness tolerances, machining allowance, cut-blank requirements and traceable purchasing.

• Pre-ground tool steel stock

  Precision flat stock: grade and supplied condition, standard versus oversize dimensions, surface requirements and later heat-treatment limits.

• Rectangular hollow sections

  RHS stock: external dimensions, manufacturing route, nominal versus design wall thickness and the boundary between section data and assembly performance.

• Round bar stock

  Selecting solid round bar by material, supplied condition, diameter, surface and machining allowance.

• Round tubing

  Circular hollow stock: OD and wall conventions, welded/DOM/seamless routes, dimensional acceptance, structural properties and pressure-system boundaries.

• Seamless tubing

  Tubing without a welded seam: manufacturing route, specification and condition, dimensional acceptance and service limits.

• Sheet stock

  Flat sheet identity, explicit thickness and tolerances, finish and condition, usable geometry and fabrication acceptance.

• Square bar stock

  Solid square bar: side dimensions, corner form, supplied condition, tolerances and machining-envelope calculations.

• Square hollow sections

  Structural square tubing: product standards, nominal and design wall, rounded corners, dimensional acceptance and connection limits.

• Strip stock

  Strip material identity, temper, edge and shape requirements, coil formats and usable-length accounting.

• T sections

  T-shaped stock: equal tees, split structural tees and welded profiles, dimensional identity, centroid and fabrication limits.

• Welded tubing

  Selecting welded tube by specification, manufacturing and delivery condition, seam acceptance and functional dimensions.

• Wire stock

  Specifying wire by cross-section, material condition, surface, tolerance and delivery package rather than gauge alone.