Process water
Coolant concentration by refractometer and apparent Brix, coolant pH and temperature compensation, rinse-water conductivity, dissolved solids, hardness, carryover, counterflow and reverse osmosis.
- Conductivity of rinse water
Conductivity, resistivity, temperature compensation, and the limits of interpreting a rinse-water measurement.
- Coolant concentration refractometry
Refractive index, apparent Brix, product-specific coolant factors, temperature compensation, calibration, and the limits of concentration estimates in used fluids.
- Coolant pH measurement
Hydrogen-ion activity in water-containing metalworking coolants, measurement bases, temperature effects, and the limits of pH as a condition indicator.
- Counterflow rinsing
Countercurrent rinse-water flow, dragout transfer, related rinse arrangements, and the limits of concentration-based interpretation.
- Dissolved solids in process water
Dissolved-solids terminology, residue and conductivity measurement bases, concentration units, and limits of interpretation for manufacturing water.
- Reverse-osmosis process water
RO feed, permeate and concentrate; recovery, solute rejection, driving pressure and the limits of interpreting process-water quality.
- Rinse-water carryover
Liquid carryover between wet-process stages, retained films and trapped liquid, and the volume and mass bases of conditional balances.
- Water hardness in process fluids
Calcium and magnesium hardness, reporting bases, alkalinity distinctions, and limits of measurement in formulated process fluids.